Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India was a landmark 1978 Supreme Court of India case that expanded the interpretation of Article 21 of the Constitution. The case established that personal liberty cannot be restricted without a fair and just procedure. 

What happened?

• The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Gandhi, expanding the interpretation of Article 21 

• The government impounded Maneka Gandhi's passport without providing a reason 
• Gandhi filed a petition in the Supreme Court under Article 32 of the Constitution 

What was the outcome?

• The case established the "golden triangle" principle, which links Articles 14, 19, and 21 of the Constitution 

• The case expanded the scope of Article 21 and personal liberty 

• The case introduced the idea that laws affecting personal freedom must be fair, equal, and reasonable 

• The case brought more rights under Article 21, including the right to clean water, education, and freedom from noise 

What was the significance?

• The case is considered a turning point in Indian constitutional law 

• The case ushered in a new era of expanding fundamental rights